by
Helmut Reisen & Michael Stemmer*
The growing dynamism of South-South[i] economic ties has been an
essential element of Shifting Wealth since the 1990s. By 2010,
developing countries accounted for around 42% of global merchandise trade, with
South-South flows making up about half of that total (UNCTAD, 2013). South-South trade has risen fast both as part of extended global
production networks and to satisfy the demands of a growing middle class. The
dollar value of South-South trade multiplied more than 13 times to USD 4
trillion in 2016 since China joined the WTO early 2001 (Figure 1). In contrast
to a drop in North-North trade and stagnation in South-North trade, South-South
trade remained dynamic even in the post-crisis period.
Behind the impressive headline development of South-South trade lures quite an uneven pattern, however, as will be shown here in some detail:
- S-S
trade has remained dynamic even after post GFC, thanks to China and the
LDCs.
- Correcting
for China and LDCs, South-South trade shares have declined as a percentage
of ´Southern´ exports over the past two decades, reflecting lower Suth-South
shares in the exports of middle-income countries..
- As
S-S trade has been increasingly China-centric, there are doubts whether or
not South–South trade can still offer a developmental promise absent in
North-South trade. It is reassuring, though, that LDCs could double their
share in S-S trade since 1995.
Much developmental hope has been pegged to the rise in South-South trade, resonating with the former structuralist literature, inspired by the 1950 Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. The structuralists had argued that North-South trade would leave the South in a constant state of underdevelopment, as a result of deteriorating terms of trade, slow technology transfer and concentration on low-end products. South-South trade, by contrast, would benefit developing countries by stimulating the product and geographical diversification of their exports, thus reducing vulnerability to output cycles in the North (Didier, 2017). The PGD 2010 (OECD, 2010) has pointed to further benefits of South-South relative to North-South trade: more trade creation than trade diversion in practice; better learning-by-doing effects; intermediate technology transfer; proximity; and eased integration into global value chains. So far so good.
Figure 1.
South-South trade is still dynamic
- Exports in
trillion US$ -
Source:
UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics.
The outstanding role of China driving South-South trade and the role of
booming oil and metal prices has often been obfuscated (but see Aksoy and Ng,
2014). However,
the surge in South-South trade has to a large extent been driven by China,
directly and indirectly, accounting for almost 50% of South-South exports.
China´s directly measurable impact is clearly indicated by the right column in
Figure 1, which depicts South-South trade excluding China: excluding China´s
(direct) share from the trade data shows stagnation of South-South trade from
2008. While that trade was virtually nil in 1990, by 2008 it had reached USD
1.9 trillion, also thanks to rising raw material prices and Chinese
infrastructure building. As it is difficult to disentangle raw material prices
and capacity building from the trade data, these are China´s indirect drivers
of South-South trade. In addition to its importance in Southeast Asia, China
became Africa’s first commercial partner in 2009 (OECD African Economic Outlook
2017), while expanding commercial ties with Latin America too (OECD Latin
American Economic Outlook 2016).
Figure
2. South-South trade shares 1995-2016
-
% of total Southern exports –
Source: UNCTAD
stats.
Figure 2 indicates the percentage shares in total Southern exports of
total South-South trade (blue), South-South trade excluding China (red) and
LDC-South trade (green). South-South trade clearly got a kick from China´s WTO
accession and booming raw material prices, particularly during the period from
2001 (42.3%) to 2013 (58.5%). Excluding China from the trade data, however,
indicates a flat trend South-South trade shares in the total exports of the
South during the observation period, oscillating around 30%. As will become
clear from Figure 3, the flat trend in South-South trade has originated in the
middle-income countries (ex China). Correcting for the rise of LDC-South trade
shares (see below) in addition to excluding China from the trade data, the
share of middle-income countries in South-South trade has even slightly
declined over the past two decades. Finally, the recent drop in total South-South
trade shares may be explained by the cyclical upswing of advanced (Northern)
countries.
Figure 3. LDC-South trade shares 1995-2016
- % of total
Southern exports –
Source: UNCTAD
stats
With South-South trade China-centric and China´s economy increasingly resembling
advanced economies, whether or not South–South trade can still offer a
developmental promise that might be missing in North–South trade is an open
question. Therefore, Figure 3 zooms in on LDC-South trade shares 1995-2016 (as %
of total Southern exports). That share doubled from 2% to 4 % during the past
two decades, in particular since China´s WTO accession in 2001. The continuous
rise of the poorest countries´ share in South-South trade – through peaks and
troughs of the commodity cycle - should be indicative of positive development factors.
Most likely it reflects improved infrastructure that helps facilitate trade but
also regional integration (such as in in West Africa) and other South-South
free trade agreements (Wignaraja, 2011). Whith China’s
transitioning to the “new normal”, developing economies may increasingly profit
from a transferral of manufacturing activities to low-cost destinations.
Literature
Aksoy, A. and F. Ng (2014), “South-South trade: it´s mostly China”,
Voxeu, 3rd May.
Didier, L. (2017), “South-South Trade and Geographical Diversification of Intra-SSA Trade:
Evidence from BRICs”, African Development Review, 29.2, pp. 139–154.
OECD (2010), “Perspectives on Global Development 2010: Shifting
Wealth”, OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264084728-en
UNCTAD (2013), Handbook of Statistics 2013,
Geneva.
Wignaraja, G. (2011), “South-South free trade
agreements: A work in progress?”, Voxeu, 20th October.
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