Oh boy, was I lucky! Just back from
a weeklong policy dialogue tour to China (sponsored by the German agency GIZ),
I have adopted Beijing residents´ daily habit of consulting air pollution
levels on mobile-phone apps. The few days I spent in Beijing, 1st to
7th of February, levels of air pollution seem to have been
abnormally low, even “healthy”. (True, the crisp sunny weather in China was a
welcome change from the permanent rain in Paris and Berlin this winter).
While there are several apps to
upload on your smartphone, there seems only one reliable source. The US embassy
has an air quality monitor to
measure PM 2.5 particulates, the publication of which has been at times criticized
as interference by the Chinese government. According to the US Environment
Protection Agency, "particulate
matter" (PM) includes both solid particles and liquid droplets found in
air. Particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter (PM2.5) are
referred to as "fine" particles and are believed to pose the largest
health risks. Because of their small size (less than one-seventh the average
width of a human hair), fine particles can lodge deeply into the lungs. Pollutants such as particle pollution are
linked to a number of significant health effects -- and those effects are
likely to be more severe for sensitive populations, including people with heart
or lung disease, children, and older adults.
January 2013 has been the worst month ever as
Beijing air quality often reached hazardous levels, with
26 days in January rated heavily polluted. The burning of coal in Beijing
contributes to about 20 per cent of the city's smog, according to the Chinese
Academy of Sciences' Institute of Atmospheric Physics. Pollutants from
Beijing´s neighboring regions (Tianjin, Shandong and Shanxi) account for 20 per
cent and the capital's vehicle (often German cars in long versions) emissions
for another 25 per cent. Thick dirty smog is not just a problem in
Beijing, to be sure, but severely affects many cities in North and central
China above all.
Flying to China, my Chinese neighbor had told me
how she and her family would escape the smog by moving first part of their
business and then her (two!) daughters and husband to Oxford, England. And I
was told of more plans to leave. Many foreign residents whom I met love to work
in Beijing, where all the action is to allow a fascinating professional life.
But those with children seem to plan an exit now after that terrible January as
their kids have asthma and other respiratory problems.
Health studies have shown a significant
association between exposure to fine particles and premature mortality. Other
important effects include aggravation of respiratory and cardiovascular disease
(as indicated by increased hospital admissions, emergency room visits, absences
from school or work, and restricted activity days), lung disease, decreased
lung function, asthma attacks, and certain cardiovascular problems such as
heart attacks and cardiac arrhythmia. Individuals particularly sensitive to
fine particle exposure include older adults, people with heart and lung disease,
and children.
Unlike Singapore, an “early cleaner” in its
development process, China is definitely a late cleaner. Burning coal for
primary energy and driving ever more cars will intensify the problem and put a
break on growth in China´s big cities. The simple solution to reduce smog
levels, just waiting for winds to blow it all away, won´t definitely do any longer.
